Reading the Maps of a Changing River Swamp
Recently I attended a meeting at Bayou Pigeon where several people there ask me did I know of any old maps ie, 1800's that would show how the streams / bayous have been affected by inevitable Hydrology changes that occur year to year in the Basin.
Most historical maps (pre-1900) are generalized, they are a simplified view, i.e., map scales do not allow every bend of a river or a road to be presented
Following the Louisiana Purchase, American cartographers Maxfield Ludlow, 1812, Mathew Carey (1814), a James Cathcart 1815 and William Darby (1816), were commissioned by the U.S. Government to explore (map) Louisiana gulf coast area.
They were the first to produce printed maps of the state which included the Atchafalaya Basin. Thus, they identified and named some major waterways and bayous in the area!
Maxwell Ludlow Map 1809 -1 812
Darby map of 1816
There were no maps that truthfully portrayed the spatial accuracy of the water courses of the Atchafalaya Basin until the first USGS maps in 1935 era.
The Public Lands survey system developed in the Basin 1832 - 1836, ie. Township and Range and sections. – 1836. Which established lines of latitude and longitude coordinates. Latitude = of degrees of distance north and south from the equator, which is 0 degrees, lines of longitude coordinates are measured according to 90 degrees east and west of the prime meridian.
Use of lines of latitude and longitude coordinates would provide spatial accuracy. The problem is there were no cartographers preparing maps of the Atchafalaya Basin back then.
The Union Army in 1863 is a prime example of a simplified view. The Federal Government commissioned General Nathaniel Banks to develop a military map of the Atchafalaya Basin to facilitate the Union Army to protect the Western Front of Louisiana from attack by Confederate's from Texas after the fall Vicksburg, Mississippi in 1863.
That map did a good job of drafting existing roads in and around the basin and to a lesser extent the streams / bayous in Atchafalaya Basin. However it did not but provide any spatial accuracy.
1863 Civil War Map by Maj. General Nathaiel P. Banks
Excerpt covers the Bayou Pigeon, Pierre Part, Belle River Vector of the Basin
Excerpt of 1863 map
Swamp Lands of Jeanerette L&S Co Map 1892
Recognizing the importance of strategic and tactical planning necessary to manage the large tracts of land and standing board feet of lumber. H.B. Hewes general manager of the Lands of the R. H. Downman Cypress commissioned their engineers to draw up a map of the lands owned R.H, Downman using the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) survey method.
Route of Atchafalaya River through the Natural Atchafalaya Basin
It was the first map of the Atchafalaya Basin to do that. That is, by Township – Ranges, Sections, and Lots, Per the original 1832 – 1836 government surveys
This map was used to develop strategic and tactical plans to extract the cypress timber on The Downman-owned properties and keep others from stealing the timber.
Fred Kyle, owner of Kyle Lumber once told the author that back in the day that some unscrupulous lumber companies would just buy the property that fronted major waterways because they controlled the access and steal all the timber behind the frontage property. He stated they would come to regret that with oil and gas mineral rights after 1930.
That map did provide some spatial accuracy relative to Latitude and Longitude. But not nearly enough to determine where water courses started and stopped.
But it was improvement over all previous maps.
Veins of the Atchafalaya
The term "veins" is a common metaphor for a river system's tributaries and streams, which form a branching, treelike network. This network, also known as a drainage basin or watershed, collects surface water and groundwater and channels which carries the accumulated water toward a lake or the ocean.
Tributaries (the "Veins") are small channels flow downhill, following the path of least resistance. This convergence pattern creates the "vein-like" appearance when viewed from above.
A 2013 search in Google Earth could find no imagery of a swamp anywhere in the world with as many manmade access canals as the Atchafalaya floodway.
To understand how all the Natural Waterways, Logging Access Canals, Oil & Gas Access Canals and Pipeline Canals affect the hydrology and landscape of the Atchafalaya river basin requires a chronological sequence of when they were created.
The Cypress Logging industry from 1890 to 1935 left hundreds of miles of logging access canals.
In the 1950’s a major increase in petroleum-related exploration and drilling in the Atchafalaya basin. This increased the need for oil field access canals and pipelines to move product to refineries and petrochemical.
During that time period, oil and gas energy was critical to the economy of the United States.
Thus, from 1950’s to 1990’s, over 600 miles of large access canals and pipeline canals were dredged through deep swamp areas, across bayous, and across the Atchafalaya River.
A substantial portion of these access canals were for inland offshore drilling rigs used in the basin oil and gas exploration. By the end of the 1990’s the rate of new construction was greatly reduced.
1935 USGS 15 min. Quad Map
The 'Cut Off' was so named by the local commercial fisherman from Bayou Pigeon because it offered a shorter route to lower Big Bayou Pigeon and Grand Lake, ie., it bypassed the big meander of Big Bayou Pigeon shortening the route by several miles.
Aerial mosaic Upper Grand Lake 1940
Aerial Mosaic Upper Grand Lake from USCOE 1940























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